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:: مقاله های ارتباطی

1-The Rise and Fall of Popular Mass Movements

Tommy Tranvik
Stein Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway
Per Selle
Acta Sociologica

March 2007, Volume 50, No. 1

http://asj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/57

Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Norway
This article is about the erosion of the Norwegian democratic infrastructure, with particular emphasis on the causes and effects of the transformation of the voluntary sector and the decline of social movements. We are seeing a turning away from large-scale ideological mass movements and an increase in smaller and nimbler associations that are better at catering for individual needs and wishes, but poorer in plugging members into the central decision-making institutions. This is putting increasing pressure on the Norwegian social contract, which has been characterized by high levels of institutional centralization balanced by high levels of citizen control. We relate these important changes in the democratic infrastructure to the impact of globalization, highlighting structural similarities between globalization and the new organizational forms of political or civic participation. Our argument is that globalization is a process that has particular structural characteristics, and that these characteristics are giving shape to the new forms of civic participation that are now emerging in Norway (and probably also in the rest of Scandinavia).
Key Words: civil society • democratic theory • globalization • New Public Management • Scandinavian politics • social movements • voluntary organizations

2-Narratives of liberation and narratives of innocent
suffering: the rhetorical uses of images of Iraqi
children in the British press

Karen Wells

Visual Communication

February 2007, Volume 6, No. 1

http://vcj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/55

Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
This article analyses the rhetoric of pictures of Iraqi children in the British press during the 2003 UK/US invasion of Iraq. The author argues that images of children are particularly potent resources for constructing narratives about the motivations and outcomes of war. Two narratives are explored: the first is sceptical about the legality of the war but nonetheless frames its outcomes within a narrative of liberation. The second, the narrative of the innocent children, shows how the display of the children as abstracted from their social and familial context and therefore in need of adult care may be used to justify the very same military interventions that caused their injuries. The author concludes that it is not proximity or distance from the ‘suffering other’ that shapes whether or not their images will be circulated in the press, but the rhetorical uses of the image in contributing to particular narratives about the causes and consequences of specific events.
Key Words: childhood • children • images • Iraq • news • war

3-Visual-verbal communication on online newspaper

home pages
John Knox
Visual Communication
February 2007, Volume 6, No. 1
http://vcj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/19
Macquarie University, Australia
This article is a study of visual, verbal and visual-verbal communication on the home pages of three English-language online newspapers from different national cultures. Important similarities in the visual-verbal structure of news stories and home pages between the three newspapers are identified. Each newspaper demonstrates a similar tendency towards atomization of news texts with which readers interact over short time scales, and a tendency towards greater consistency in the visual-verbal design of news across longer timescales. A genre-specific visual grammar for online newspaper home pages is emerging in response to the demands of the new medium and historical and social trends in news reporting.
Key Words: critical discourse analysis • genre • home pages • ideology • media discourse • multimodaldiscourse • newsbites • online newspapers • semiotics • systemic functional linguistics

1- Credibility of media offerings in centrally controlled
media systems: a qualitative study based on the example of East Germany

Michael Meyen

Media, Culture & Society

March 2007, Volume 29, No. 2

http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/2/284

Munich University
Katja Schwer
Munich University
Research on media use in authoritarian political systems supports the thesis that media offerings in such systems suffer from a low factor of credibility, leading to declining political interest within society, continuous retreat into the private sphere and heavy use of foreign media offerings in the search of trustworthy information. The literature indicates that both the political and centrally controlled media system have an impact on the communication needs of citizens. These findings are at odds with audience research into democratic societies, which has emphasized entertainment as the most important variable for media use, whereas only a few segments of the audience are interested in genuinely political items. This article argues that the above assumptions concerning media use in countries governed by authoritarian regimes have failed to recognize the role of daily life in media selection and reception. It points out that communication science has ignored citizens’ predominant desire for entertainment and over-estimated their need for information. The typology of East German media consumers presented in this article shows that, rather than being formed by the political system and a specific media landscape, people’s communication needs are primarily shaped by the routines and patterns of everyday life.
Key Words: biographical interviews • closed media systems • entertainment • everyday life • media use • 1980s

2-Internet news media and issue development: a
case study on the roles of independent online news services as agenda-builders for anti-US protests in South Korea

Yonghoi Song

New Media & Society
February 2007, Volume 9, No. 1

http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/71
Ewha Womans University, South Korea
This study compares the roles of progressive online news services with those of mainstream newspapers in developing reactions to the deaths of two schoolgirls by a US military vehicle into massive anti-US protests during 2002 in South Korea. Clear differences were found between the online news services and the mainstream conservative newspapers’ coverage in terms of the number of articles, the composition of news sources, and the frames used to make sense of the issues. It reveals that the progressive media played an important role in escalating reactions to the deaths of the two schoolgirls into a broader anti-US sentiment. The results of the study suggest the limitations to the inter-media agenda-setting model in explicating the dynamics of issue development. Additionally, the potential of alternative online news media in agenda-building and the relationship between the news media and issue development are discussed.
Key Words: agenda-building • anti-US sentiment • editorial orientation • framing • inter-media agenda setting • online general news services

1-A Short History of Journalism for Journalists: A Proposal and Essay

James W. Carey

The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics

Winter 2007, Volume 12, No. 1

http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/3

James W. Carey was a Shorenstein Center Fellow on leave from his faculty position at Columbia University when he wrote this article in 2003. Carey, who died on May 23, 2006, was a preeminent journalism theorist. He is noted for his "ritual theory" of journalism, which posits that journalism is a type of drama as opposed simply to a means of public communication. Carey joined the Columbia Journalism School’s faculty in 1992 after having been professor and dean of the College of Communication at the University of Illinois. Few scholars could match his writing skills and fewer still could match his intellect. All that was combined in a thoroughly decent man who, though teaching in New York City, held tight to a lifelong devotion to the Boston Red Sox. The Shorenstein Center is fortunate to have had him as one of its fellows, and through its Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, to have the honor of publishing one of the last articles he wrote.

2-Newspaper editorial boards and the practice of
endorsing candidates for political office in the United States

Kimberly Meltzer
Journalism

February 2007, Volume 8, No. 1

http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/83

Lehigh University, USA
American newspaper editorial boards occupy unusual positions within their newspapers as the only journalists at the papers who may openly express their opinions. When they exercise their opinion-making power in the form of candidate endorsements, they potentially intervene in the democratic process by influencing readers’ voting decisions. This article examines American newspaper endorsements of political candidates from the point of view of editorial board members who were involved in endorsement processes during the 2002 and 2004 campaign seasons in Pennsylvania. Through ethnographic observation and interviews with four newspaper editorial boards and 16 editorial board members, this article explores the purposes and roles with which editorial board members believe they undertake the endorsement process, the ways in which they envision the consumers of their endorsements and the challenges they encounter.
Key Words: editorial boards • endorsements • journalism • newspaper • political candidate

3-ICT Inclusion and Gender: Tensions in Aes of Network Engineer Training

Hazel Gillard, Nathalie Mitev, Susan Scott
The Information Society
Issue: Volume 23, Number 1 / January-February 2007 Pages: 19 – 37

http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/(tl43hu45i0prcrjh41ldnl45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,2,7;journal,1,50;linkingpublicationresults,1:100659,1

Government, major information and communications technology (ICT) companies, and educational institutions in the United Kingdom currently claim that ICT skills training offers inclusion into the new economy. We focus on a private–public training initiative and its impact on the socially excluded, specifically lone women parents. Narrative data from four United Kingdom educational sites participating in this computer network engineer training program highlight a systemic paradox: that ICT skills development initiatives designed to support lone women parents are simultaneously working in opposition to broader policy goals such as work–life balance and ironically serve to reproduce the participants' classification as socially excluded. The assumptions underpinning the model of social inclusion driving the ICT skills training course are analyzed critically using the concepts of community of practice, classificatory systems, and marginalization. Our findings suggest that ICT training courses and initiatives should be accompanied by changes in pedagogic practice that accommodate the more wide-ranging needs of those targeted for inclusion, as well as changes in employment settings. We conclude by exploring the implications of this for government policy formation, business vendor qualifications, the design of ICT skills training initiatives, and our understanding of the role of ICT skills in overcoming the digital divide.
Keywords:
community of practice, digital divide, gender, ICT skills training, network engineer, social exclusion, marginalization, work–life balance
The references of this article are secured to subscribers.

4-Routinizing Terror: Media Coverage and Public
Practices in Israel, 2000-2005

Tamar Liebes

The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics

Winter 2007, Volume 12, No. 1

http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/108
Department of Communication and Journalism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, mstamarl@mscc.huji.ac.il
Zohar Kampf
Department of Communication and Journalism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, zohar29@zahav.net.il
This article argues that counterintuitively, the unrelenting multivictim terrorist attacks on Israel between 1996 and 2004 did not bring about a linear escalation in the intensity of media coverage nor in the demoralization of the public, as seen in the changes in daily routine and in the radicalization of political attitudes. By the use of a combined index based on the length of television’s disaster marathons, their viewing rates, and the extent of changes in the daily lives and the political attitudes of Israelis (drawing on secondary analysis of various sources), the authors distinguish between two periods in terms of the impact of terror. In the first period, from1996 to the end of 2002, they observed a relatively strong effect in all the indicators mentioned above. From the beginning of 2003, in spite of the continuing high frequency of the attacks, the authors see a process of routinization apparent in all our indicators, on the part of the media and of the public.
Key Words: disaster marathon • terror attacks • Israel • television impact • news genre • routinization

5-What Media Bias? Conservative and Liberal Labeling in Major U.S. Newspapers

Robert M. Eisinger

The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics

Winter 2007, Volume 12, No. 1

http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/17

Robert M. Eisinger
Political Science Department, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, eisinger@lclark.edu
Loring R. Veenstra
Lewis & Clark College, loring.veenstra@law.columbia.edu
John P. Koehn
Lewis & Clark College, john.koehn@gmail.com
This article tests the hypothesis that major U.S. newspapers disproportionately label conservative politicians. We quantitatively analyze ideological labels of U.S. congresspersons and senators in newspaper articles. We then qualitatively review these articles, seeking to discern if any patterns exist, and if so, why. Disproportionate labeling of conservatives exists but not in a way that constitutes "bias," as newspapers often label liberals, at times more than they do conservatives. These labeling patterns may be explained by the rise of conservatives who entered Congress in 1994, the political pejorativization of the word liberal, and the increased conservative ideological tenor of the Congress during the past fifteen years. We conclude by discussing possible implications of our findings.
Key Words: media bias • political labeling

6-Global Angling with a Local Angle: How U.S., British, and Dutch Newspapers Frame Global and Local Terrorist Attacks

Nel Ruigrok

The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics

Winter 2007, Volume 12, No. 1

http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/68

Netherlands News Monitor, Amsterdam School of Communications Research, University of Amsterdam, p.c.ruigrok@uva.nl
Wouter van Atteveldt
University of Edinburgh, Free University Amsterdam, wouter@2at.nl
The 9/11 terrorist attacks and later attacks such as those in London and Madrid shocked the world and found their way into the newspapers of many countries. The authors study the international coverage of these events in the context of globalization versus localization and the creation of the dominant post-cold war frame of the War on Terror. Using automatic co-occurrence analysis based on the notion of associative framing, they investigate whether these events were mainly framed in a local or global way in the American, British, and Dutch press. The authors found that although proximity is still a strong determinant of attention for events, the framing of these events was more affected by the global event of 9/11 than by local considerations.
Key Words: terrorism • automated content analysis • framing • glocalization • localization • globalization • computer text analysis

7- ‘Our ears and our eyes’
Journalists and fixers in Iraq

Jerry Palmer
London Metropolitan University, UK
Victoria Fontan
Journalism

February 2007, Volume 8, No. 1
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/5
University for Peace, San Jose, Costa Rica
News from Iraq in the Western media is highly dependent upon Iraqi journalists and coworkers, especially fixers. This is partly due to the degradation of the security situation since the 2003 invasion, and partly due to language: few Western journalists speak Arabic at a professional level of competence. Interviews with Western journalists and fixers in Iraq reveal the high level of dependence involved. They also reveal some commonalities of understanding of the relationships between journalists and fixers and some significant differences. The dependence upon fixers is seen in the light of changes in foreign news gathering in Western media, especially the use of ‘parachute’ journalists.
Key Words: fixers • foreign correspondents • foreign news • news gathering

8-Picturing civic journalism
How photographers and graphic designers visually communicate The Principles of Civic Journalism

Renita Coleman
Journalism

February 2007, Volume 8, No. 1

http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/25

University of Texas, Austin, USA
This study used in-depth interviews with 18 photographers and designers to explore how civic journalism has changed their work and some of the practical problems it raises. The main issue for designers was ‘too many pieces’ - stories, sidebars, info-graphics, and photographs. One solution they devised was a graphic device they called a ‘grid’ to package information in a systematic way. Photographers struggled with conceptual stories that were hard to illustrate. They suggested a return to ‘enterprise’ photos, but acknowledged they take too much time. Theoretical insights include the core problem of dichotomous reasoning in three general areas: First, the world of these civic journalism workers is divided into the visual and the verbal, with the verbal predominating. Second, the movement has neglected to address changes at the organizational level, focusing instead on individuals, i.e. citizens. Third, visual journalists think about their work as dialectic when they discuss the normative issues as being separate from the philosophical issues. Some solutions and implications for the profession are discussed.
Key Words: civic journalism • design • photography • public journalism • visual communication

9-The defence of public interest and the intrusion of privacy: Journalists and the public

David E. Morrison
University of Leeds, UK
Michael Svennevig
Journalism
February 2007, Volume 8, No. 1
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/44
University of Leeds, UK
The article examines the relationship between the public interest and the right to privacy, with the focus on journalistic practice and new values, and the general growth of social surveillance. The article then draws on a series of in-depth interviews with UK media regulators and media interest groups. These were in turn followed by a series of focus groups, leading to the development of a UK national sample survey. The research offers the basis for a more complex analysis of the factors involved in judging the relative rights of the media to intrude and individuals’ rights to be protected from intrusion. Central to this analysis is the development of a new concept - ‘social importance’. Unlike the established concept of ‘public interest’, social importance is readily operationizable, scalable in terms of intensity, in its potential applications.
Key Words: intrusion • media regulation • news values • privacy • public interest • social importance • surveillance

10-Can journalists keep the faith?

Lindsay Nicholson

British Journalism Review

March 2007, Volume 18, No. 1

http://bjr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/63

The National Magazine Company
"I have been wondering lately whether God has got himself a Max Clifford-style press agent, " writes Nicholson, a practising Christian. "Certainly the number of mentions he gets in the media has increased dramatically." Yet journalists shy away from personal faith, some rejecting it on professional grounds. Yet "I cannot agree that finding support and comfort in faith conflicts with journalistic independence and integrity? Of course journalists can have faith and still be good at their jobs, just as supporters of political parties or specific football teams can function properly and without showing bias. Humans are essentially tribal. Are those who grow up in the world owing no allegiance to any grouping - spiritual or secular - better journalists? Or are they little more than robots, unable to comprehend what it is that drives people to believe and to understand people who believe differently?"

11-Movie journalists: hello Hollywood

Sarah Niblock

British Journalism Review

March 2007, Volume 18, No. 1

http://bjr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/69?etoc
Brunel University, London
Journalists on film have for decades offered fantasy, fun and escapism to millions, writes academic Niblock, but most of the movies have emerged from Hollywood. And that could be changing now that three new high-profile British-led or inspired productions (one about Robert Maxwell; a big screen version of the BBC mini-series State of Play and Embeds, set in Iraq) are in the pipeline. Niblock recalls memorable movies of the past and concludes: "If and when those major new productions of journalistic subjects reach the big screen, it will be fascinating to see if they stimulate a deeper interest in the workings of the British news media, and journalists' relationship with the state, as they have done in the U.S. It was widely reported after the release of All the President's Men that there was a surge in young people wanting to enter journalism in order to 'make a difference' and to challenge the status quo. Perhaps a new raft of films will inspire greater idealism and dynamism on the part of the next generation of reporters."

12-Becoming a journalist : Journalism education and journalism culture

Simon Frith
Stirling Media Research Institute, Scotland,simon .frith@ed.ac.uk
Peter Meech
Stirling Media Research Institute, Scotland,p.h.meech@stir.ac.uk
JOURNALISM
May 2007, Volume 8, No. 2
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/137
In the last 30 years there has been a transformation in the way in which young people in the UK have become journalists. Not only has journalism become a graduate occupation but there has also been a steady increase in the number of university journalism courses and degrees. This development has been greeted with both scepticism and anxiety by already established journalists, who argue that universities are unsuited to prepare new entrants for the `realities' of journalism as an occupation. This article reports on a survey of graduates from journalism programmes in Scotland. The evidence of this survey is, first, that a journalism degree is, in fact, an effective preparation for a successful journalism career and, second, that graduate journalists absorb news-room culture without difficulty, to the extent of discounting the value of their own `academic' journalism training. There is some evidence, though, that graduate journalists do bring a new perspective to the assessment of journalism as a career.
Key Words: careers • journalism education • journalism training • newsroom culture

1-Flagging Finnishness: Reproducing National Identity in Reality Television

Minna Aslama
University of Helsinki
Mervi Pantti
University of Amsterdam
Television & New Media
February 2007, Volume 8, No. 1
http://tvn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/49
The worldwide success of reality television has received plenty of academic and public attention. All the debates seem both implicitly and explicitly to address reality TV as a global phenomenon, but little attention has been given to any national characteristics that may emerge in its localized variations. In this article, using a Finnish adventure show Extreme Escapades as a case, we argue that national television still plays an important role in constructing national identities; that reality television as a popular cultural product should be viewed in the context of "banal nationalism" and that the genre may indeed redefine the meaning of national television in the globalized media sphere.
Key Words: reality television • national identity • global television culture

2-The Promotional Role of the Network Upfront Presentations in the Production of Culture

Amanda D. Lotz

Television & New Media
February 2007, Volume 8, No. 1

http://tvn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/3

University of Michigan
This article explores the Upfront presentations made by United States broadcasters to the media-buying community each year to analyze the complicated economic and cultural functions of promotional processes that occur before programs ever reach the viewing audience. The analysis draws from observation of Upfront presentations, triangulated with analysis of trade press articles and interviews, to present a comprehensive examination of this component of promotion within the circuit of cultural production. Examining the promotional activities that occur before programming reaches audiences illustrates the dual client nature of the United States commercial television industry, and the different strategies evinced indicate the need to theorize internal promotion distinctly from the promotion of texts and networks to audiences. Additionally, the variant promotional strategies used by different networks in this internal venue reveal institutional priorities in audience composition and brand differentiation among networks.
Key Words: U.S. television • Upfront presentations • promotion • networks • industrial practice

3-Globalizing Chinese martial arts cinema: the global-local alliance and the production of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

Huaiting Wu

Media, Culture & Society

March 2007, Volume 29, No. 2

http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/2/19

University of Minnesota
Joseph Man Chan
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Using the Mandarin-language global blockbuster Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon as a case, this project aims to study how an oriental culture is globalized against the odds as predicted by theories of cultural imperialism. First, the globalization of local talents is found to be a precondition for this reversed cultural flow. Second, the formation of a global-local alliance, consisting of networks of both local and global firms and professionals, plays a critical role. The alliance serves to translate local cultural capital into economic capital and to enhance the transculturability of the cultural product. To be accountable to the Western agencies and to be faithful to local culture, the production team is under constant pressure to strike a balance between particularization and universalization. The implications of this unprecedented case are discussed.
Key Words: globalization • global-local alliance • particularization • reversed cultural flow • universalization

4-Who Shot J.R.'s Ratings? The Rise and Fall of the 1980s Prime-Time Soap Opera

Chris Jordan

Television & New Media

February 2007, Volume 8, No. 1

http://tvn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/68

St. Cloud State University
Prime-time soap operas of the 1980s arose from an intensification of television production's historically oligopsonistic structure under Reaganomics and deregulation. Whereas regulatory reforms undertaken on behalf of the public interest broadened access to prime-time television for independent producers during the 1970s, Reagan's implementation of tax reforms and deregulatory initiatives concentrated control over prime-time television in the hands of Hollywood's largest producers and syndicators during the 1980s. The one-hour evening soap opera facilitated these companies' domination of prime-time network access and foreign syndication sales by allowing them to use access to a nationwide audience to engage economies of scale in television production.
Key Words: Reagan • Dallas • soap opera • political economy • Lorimar

5-News values for consumer groups
The case of Independent Radio News, London, UK

Sarah Niblock
Brunel University, UK,Sarah.Niblock@brunel.ac.uk
David Machin
University of Leicester, UK,dm148@le.ac.uk
Journalism
May 2007, Volume 8, No. 2
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/184
National news agencies, staffed by fewer than a dozen journalists per shift in some cases, are able to produce ready-made news bulletins for hundreds of national and regional radio stations. These bulletins are tailor made to meet target audience criteria crucial for maintaining listener figures. Criticisms of market-driven journalism from media sociologists have focused on so-called `dumbing down'. However, our reflexive ethnographic research into everyday news decision-making, gathering and writing at a major UK news agency, Independent Radio News, suggests a more sophisticated process at work. Journalists were targeting lifestyle groups through careful selection and use of language, to ensure their news was accessible and engaging. The study questions whether news values have become secondary to a range of lifestyle targeting criteria, and considers the implications for journalism's role in society. We examine the processes and practices of news targeting for consumer groups through three days of close observation and a series of reflexive interviews with senior editorial staff.
Key Words: ethnography • news targeting • news values • radio journalism • reflexive

1-Cultural studies, complexity studies and the transformation of the structures of knowledge

Richard E. Lee

International Journal of Cultural Studies

March 2007, Volume 10, No. 1

http://ics.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/1/11

Richard E. Lee
Binghamton University, USA
The structures of knowledge of the modern world, those patterns of what can and cannot be thought that determine what actions can and cannot be deemed feasible in the material world, are undergoing a transformation. Two knowledge movements, cultural studies with roots in the humanities and complexity studies in the sciences, have challenged the separation of the sciences, social sciences and the humanities by upsetting the epistemological underpinnings of the mutually exclusive epistemologies based on the separation of truth and values in knowledge production. For the future, social analysts may shift from fabricating and verifying theories to imagining and evaluating the multiple possible consequences of diverse interpretative accounts of human reality and the actions they entail.

2-An Evaluation of Press Freedom Indicators

Lee B. Becker
Department of Journalism of the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia; James M. Cox Jr Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research; Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA lbbecker@uga.edu
Tudor Vlad
James M. Cox Jr Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research; Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA tvlad@uga.edu
Nancy Nusser
School of Media Arts and Design, James Madison University, Harrisonberg, VA 22807, USA nnussernl@jmu.edu
International Communication Gazette
February 2007, Volume 69, No. 1
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/69/1/5
Despite uncertainties about the popular measures f media freedom, no systematic analyses have been undertaken of their development, of the assumptions that lie behind their different methodologies, of the reliability of the resultant measures, or of the consistency of conclusions across the different measures. This article examines four measures, by Freedom House, Reporters sans frontières, IREX and the Committee to Protect Journalists, and finds considerable consistency in the measurement. In addition, the Freedom House measure, which has been in existence for more than 20 years, varies in meaningful ways across time. The article examines the conceptual implications of these findings and offers suggestions for their use by researches in the future.
Key Words: media freedom • media independence • media reform • press freedom • press freedom indicators

3-On the Relationship Between International Telecommunications Development and Global
Women's poverty

Micky Lee

International Communication Gazette

April 2007, Volume 69, No. 2

http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/69/2/193

Department of Communication and Journalism, Suffolk University, Boston; Ithaca College, New York and the University of Oregon; mickycheers@yahoo.com
The article discusses the relationship between international telecommunications development and global women's poverty by examining three questions: (1) Who benefits economically from international telecommunications development? (2) Why is women's poverty a peripheral concern in neoclassical economics? (3) How and by whom should women's poverty be defined? By focusing on the World Bank's policies, programs and lending to telecommunications, and women's empowerment since the 1980s, and drawing on the perspectives of the political economy of communication, feminist economics and critical studies of global women's poverty, this article argues that the problem of global women's poverty should be understood in the contexts of an unequal distribution of goods and services across the globe and between men and women, the androcentrism and ethnocentrism of neoclassical economics and the processes of women's poverty and poor women's agency in poverty alleviation at a local level.
Key Words: feminist economics • political economy • telecommunications • women's poverty • World Bank

4-How States, Markets and Globalization Shape the News
The French and US National Press, 1965-97

Rodney Benson
Department of Culture and Communication, New York University, 239 Greene Street, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003-6674, USA, rdb6@nyu.edu
Daniel C. Hallin
Department of Communication, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0503, USA, dhallin@ucsd.edu
European Journal of Communication
March 2007, Volume 22, No. 1
http://ejc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/27
This article presents a comparative content analysis of the US and French national press in the 1960s and 1990s to test hypotheses about the influence of media structure on journalistic discourse. The US and French press are presented as strongly contrasting models, with the US press more commercialized, and the French press more closely tied to the political field. Using a variety of story- and paragraph-level content indicators, this studyshows that the French press (Le Monde and Le Figaro) offers relatively more critical coverage, a greater representation of civil society viewpoints, a stronger emphasis on both the ideological and strategic ‘game’ aspects of politics, and a higher proportion of interpretation and opinion mixed with factual reporting. Representing the US national press, The New York Times is shown to ‘index’ its coverage more closely to political elite viewpoints. Despite globalizing pressures, French-US differences have not diminished over time.
Key Words: content analysis • France • international comparative research • sociology of news • United States

5-Internationalising Media Studies
The South/ern African Communication Association

Keyan Tomaselli

International Communication Gazette

April 2007, Volume 69, No. 2

http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/69/2/179

School of Literary Studies, Media and Creative Arts, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; tomasell@ukzn.ac.za
Ruth E. Teer-Tomaselli
School of Literary Studies, Media and Creative Arts, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; teertoma@ukzn.ac.za
A discussion of the history of journalism and mass communication studies, in relation to its alter ego, media studies, provides the backdrop to an analysis of the role played by the South African Communication Association (SACOMM) during the 1980s and after apartheid, up to 2006. The central argument is that SACOMM was criss-crossed by a particular kind of internal family argument in which specific contradictions were being negotiated: (1) pro-apartheid vs anti-apartheid (during the 1980s); (2) realists vs idealists; and (3) communication science vs media studies. The way these antagonisms had been negotiated by 2006 provides some insight into the way that media studies assisted in internationalizing the association and in exposing communication science to other paradigms.
Key Words: apartheid • communication science • media studies • South African Communication Association

6-Seeing the natural world: a tension between pupils' diverse conceptions as revealed by their visual representations and monolithic science lessons

Michael Reiss
Carolyn Boulter
Sue Dale Tunnicliffe
Visual Communication
February 2007, Volume 6, No. 1
http://vcj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/99
Institute of Education, London, UK
In this article, the authors report on drawings of the natural environment produced by a sample of 13–14-year-olds. One of their interests is the extent to which these young people see the world in the way rewarded in science lessons. With rare exceptions, school science generally assumes that for any scientific issue there is a single valid scientific conception so that alternative conceptions are misconceptions. The drawings reveal a plurality of ways in which the natural environment is portrayed and we conclude that there is scientific as well as other worth in this diversity. The authors argue that schools need to take account of this diversity; many pupils will not be interested in a single, monolithic depiction of the natural world in their school science lessons.
Key Words: biology • colour • drawings • environment • models • post-modernism • realism • representations • scale • science education

7-Media Review: Using Narrative in Social Research Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

Jim Cumming
The Australian National University, Canberra
Journal of Mixed Methods Research
April 2007, Volume 1, No. 2
http://mmr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/2/200?&location1=all&location2=all&row_operator2=and&term_operator1=and&term_operator2=and&ct
This book is different from the majority of books on methodology in two respects. First, it does not focus exclusively on either quantitative or qualitative approaches to research, but instead aims to discuss recent developments in social research methods across the quantitative/qualitative divide. Second, while it aims to give practical guidance on the techniques for carrying out research, and therefore focuses on methods, it also explores current theoretical, methodological, and epistemological debates that (should) underlie the practice of research.

8-Communicating separation?:
Ethnic media and ethnic journalists as institutions of integration in Germany

Anne-Katrin Arnold
University of Pennsylvania, USA,
Beate Schneider
University of Music and Drama, Hannover, Germany,beate. schneider@hmt-hannover.de
Journalism
May 2007, Volume 8, No. 2
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/115
Western European countries currently face much immigration from Eastern Europe and Asia. In Germany, Turkish migrants are the largest ethnic minority. Cohabitation is not yet a success story: some observers even fear the development of two separate cultures. Accordingly, public debate about the role of mass and ethnic media has risen. But what role do mass media and ethnic media play in the integration process? What is the role of'ethnic journalists'?
In this article we discuss theoretical approaches to integration, cultural identity, and media consumption. We analyze the link between all three and present results pointing to the strong impact an ethnic online community has on the building of a hybrid cultural identity between majority and minority culture. We also discuss our findings on ethnic journalists' acculturation, self-conception, and audience evaluation.
Key Words: cultural identity • ethnic journalists • ethnic media • ethnic online community • integration • migrants

8-Social movements and email: expressions of online identity in the globalization protests

Melissa A. Wall
California State University - Northridge, USA,meliSSa.a.wall@cSun.edu
New Media & Society
April 2007, Volume 9, No. 2

http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/2/258
This study focuses on three email lists — one used by a professional organization (Friends of the Earth) and two by grass roots, street-level participants (Direct Action Network and People's Global Action) — in the Seattle World Trade Organization protests. Each list was examined in terms of how it contributed to the expression of collective identities online. Each group's list employed at least one of three processes identified here as key to collective identity: the Friends of the Earth list emphasized cognitive framing of the event; Direct Action Network focused on emotional investments among list members; and People's Global Action stressed setting boundaries among movement participants.Yet overall, none of the lists was entirely successful as a vehicle for expressing movement identities, suggesting that while the internet may facilitate certain organizational activities of social movements, it appears to have less impact on their symbolic ones.
Key Words: collective identity •email •globalization • internet • social movement • WTO

9-Global mediations
On the changing ecology of satellite television news

Mugdha Rai
Cardiff University, UK
Simon Cottle
University of Melbourne, Australia
Global Media and Communication
April 2007, Volume 3, No. 1
http://gmc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/1/51
The last few years have witnessed an explosion in the number of 24/7 satellite news channels around the globe. Some theorists have heralded the arrival of 24/7 news delivery systems and channels as definitive of processes of globalization and foundational in the creation of a ‘global public sphere’. Others view them as simply the latest expansion of Western-led corporate interests and vehicles of cultural imperialism, propagating news flows from the West to the rest. This article contributes up-to-date empirical findings and arguments that variously support and problematize aspects of both these overarching theoretical positions and debates and does so by systematically mapping for the first time all 24/7 news channels broadcast in the world today. Our findings reveal a field characterized by complex stratifications, formations and flows that prompt the need for refined conceptualization and theorization.
Key Words: 24-hour news • global public sphere • globalization • localization • media flows and formations • political economy • satellite news ecology

روش تحقيق ( تحليل گفتمان )

1-Globalization, Language, and the Tongue-Tied American: A Textual Analysis of American Discourses on the Global Hegemony of English

Christof Demont-Heinrich

Journal of Communication Inquiry,

April 2007, Volume 31, No. 2

http://jci.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/2/98

University of Denver, Colorado
How is English in the global context constructed in the print media discourse of American-owned prestige press newspapers? The author zeroes in on examples of explicit reflection on the American "situation" vis-à-vis the global hegemony of English. These were drawn from a 275-text data pool generated for the author’s recently published doctoral dissertation. A number of different themes emerged in the texts and excerpts analyzed here, most prominently that of English monolingualism as potentially compromising American national security and economic competitiveness. Several texts also focused on a great paradox: tremendous American linguistic diversity and widespread English monolingualism in the United States. Perhaps the most interesting theme that emerged was what the author terms wistful regret: Americans reflecting with considerable melancholy on how they saw the hegemony of English as inhibiting their incentive and opportunity to become multilingual.
Key Words: globalization • language • English • United States • Americans

2-De-legitimization of Media Mechanisms
Israeli Press Coverage of the Al Aqsa Intifada

Khalil Rinnawi

International Communication Gazette

April 2007, Volume 69, No. 2

http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/69/2/149

Department of Behavioural Sciences at the College of Management in Tel Aviv; Department of Sociology, Western Galilee College, Acre; krinnawi@hotmail.com
This article examines and compares Israeli print media coverage of the respective Palestinian populations in Israel and in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip during the Al Aqsa Intifada. Historically, the Israeli media have behaved in a ‘mobilized’ manner during periods of heightened conflict. They also play a central role in delegitimizing Palestinian protest, thereby helping to reproduce existing divisions between Jews and Palestinians. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive inventory of the ‘delegitimization mechanisms’ at work during the news production process in Israel – a state in external conflict with the Palestinians in the occupied territories and with significant internal tension between its Jewish and Palestinian citizens.
Key Words: Al Aqsa • Gaza Strip • Intifada • Israel • media • news • occupied territories • Palestinian Authority • Palestinians • press • West Bank

1-A Content Analysis of the Content Analysis Literature in Organization Studies: Research Themes, Data Sources, and Methodological Refinements

Vincent J. Duriau
Rhonda K. Reger
Michael D. Pfarrer
Organizational Research Methods
January 2007, Volume 10, No. 1
http://orm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/
University of Maryland
We use content analysis to examine the content analysis literature in organization studies. Given the benefits of content analysis, it is no surprise that its use in organization studies has been growing in the course of the past 25 years (Erdener & Dunn, 1990; Jauch, Osborn, & Martin 1980). First, we review the principles and the advantages associated with the method. Then, we assess how the methodology has been applied in the literature in terms of research themes, data sources, and methodological refinements. Although content analysis has been applied to research topics across the subdomains of management research, research in strategy and managerial cognition have yielded particularly interesting results. We conclude with suggestions for enhancing the utility of content analytic methods in organization studies.
Key Words: content analysis • theoretical frameworks • methodologies • analytical techniques

2-Yesterday’s Papers and Today’s Technology
Digital Newspaper Archives and ‘Push Button’ Content Analysis

David Deacon

European Journal of Communication

March 2007, Volume 22, No. 1

http://ejc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/5

Department of Social Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK, d.n.deacon@lboro.ac.uk
This article considers the methodological implications of using digital newspaper archives for analysis of media content. The discussion identifies arange of validity and reliability concerns about this increasingly prevalent mode of analysis, which have been under-appreciated to date. Although these questions do not deny a role for the use of proxy data in media analysis, they do highlight the need for caution when researchers rely on text-based, digitalized archives.
Key Words: content analysis • digital news archives • Lexis-Nexis • political communication • research methods

3-Approaches to the newspaper archive: content analysis and press coverage of Glasgow’s Year of Culture

Matthew Reason

Media, Culture & Society

March 2007, Volume 29, No. 2

http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/2/304
York St John University
Beatríz García
University of Liverpool, Centre for Cultural Policy Research, University of Glasgow, UK
Glasgow’s year as European City of Culture in 1990 is perceived as an event marking a renaissance in perceptions of the city. This article examines how the contemporary press coverage can be used as a resource to trace the narratives and mythologies surrounding the event. To facilitate this research, a pre-existing archive of press cuttings, totalling over 5000 clippings, was employed. This article describes how the interests of the project, and the nature of the large press archive being examined, led to the utilization of a distinct methodology of media analysis. The article describes the attempt to unite both quantitative, statistical analysis with qualitative, pre-informed examination. By tracing aspects of the practical examination of the Glasgow 1990 press coverage, the article explores the successes and failures of the approach taken and assesses its potential for development and employment in other contexts.
Key Words: city marketing • cultural policy • media analysis • SPSS • urban regeneration

4-Legitimation in discourse and communication
Theo Van Leeuwen

Discourse & Communication

February 2007, Volume 1, No. 1

http://dcm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/1/91
University of Technology, Sydney
The article sets out a framework for analysing the way discourses construct legitimation for social practices in public communication as well as in everyday interaction. Four key categories of legitimation are distinguished: 1) ‘authorization’, legitimation by reference to the authority of tradition, custom and law, and of persons in whom institutional authority is vested; 2) ‘moral evaluation’, legitimation by reference to discourses of value; 3) rationalization, legitimation by reference to the goals and uses of institutionalized social action, and to the social knowledges that endow them with cognitive validity; and 4) mythopoesis, legitimation conveyed through narratives whose outcomes reward legitimate actions and punish non-legitimate actions. Examples are drawn from texts legitimating or de-legitimating compulsory education, including children’s books, brochures for parents, teacher training texts, and media texts.
Key Words: authority • communication • compulsory education • context • discourse • moral discourses

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